This integrative review synthesizes the scientific and technological advances developed by the Laboratory of Erosion and Sedimentation in northeastern Brazil in the field of Soil and Water Bioengineering. The study consolidates experimental and applied research focused on biodegradable geotextiles manufactured from natural fibers, vegetation-based stabilization systems, root biomechanics, riverbank erosion control and ecological restoration in tropical environments. The review integrates findings from field experiments, geotechnical analyses, hydrosedimentological monitoring, tensile strength testing, scanning electron microscopy and digital image processing. Particular emphasis is given to native and tropical species such as Paspalum millegrana Schrad, Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.), Typha domingensis Pers, Eleocharis sp. R.Br and Syagrus coronata (Mart.) Becc and Jatropha curcas L., Cocos nucifera L., Ananas comosus (L.) Merr., Musa paradisiaca L. as well as Agave sisalan, whose root systems and/or fibers demonstrated high potential for increasing soil cohesion, reducing runoff and improving slope stability. The manuscript also discusses the influence of biodegradation processes, waterproof coatings and ecological interactions on the performance and durability of natural geotextiles. Studies conducted along the Lower São Francisco River and others demonstrated that nature-based stabilization systems combining biodegradable geotextiles, vegetation and ecological restoration significantly reduce sediment losses and enhance environmental resilience. The review reinforces the importance of integrating engineering, ecology and biodiversity-based technologies to develop sustainable solutions for erosion control and riverbank stabilization in tropical environments.