Efficient nutrient management is essential for sustainable crop production while reducing the environmental hazard from excessive use of synthetic fertilizers. Microbial biofilms are a structured community of microorganisms embedded in extracellular polymeric substances, emerged as important regulators of nutrient dynamics in soil plant environment. In rhizosphere, biofilm forming microorganisms enhance microbial stability, metabolic cooperation, and close interactions with plant roots. Biofilm associated microbes play crucial roles in phosphorus solubilization, nitrogen transformations, micronutrient mobilization, and organic matter decomposition. Biofilms also facilitate key soil processes such as nutrient solubilization, mineralization, and retention, thereby improving nutrient acquisition through root and enhance nutrient use efficiency (NUE). In addition, biofilm formation enhances microbial resilience under biotic, abiotic stresses that promote sustainable crop production in different agroecosystem. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the formation and ecological functions of microbial biofilms in agricultural soils, with a focus on their role in regulating nutrient cycling and improving NUE. We also discuss emerging opportunities for harnessing biofilm-forming microbial consortia and biofertilizer technologies to enhance nutrient efficiency and promote more sustainable agricultural systems.